Keynote Address Title: “Cycads: from Field biology to neurobiology, a botanical journey"

Abstract: Cycads are an ancient lineage of plants with a fossil record from the Early Permian (ca. 326 million years). They were a principal food source for dinosaurs and in the Mesozoic dominated the landscape. We have much to learn from ancient groups that have persisted. How did they adapt to changes over the eons? For example, this group of organisms produce neurotoxins and cancer-inducing chemicals that eliminate predators ranging from mammals to insects; chemicals that should affect their own physiology and hence demise. Yet, they survive when left alone by human activities. We can utilize this in a meaningful way. The answers begin with actual observations and collections in habitat of both living and fossil plants. This is followed by ethno-botanical studies and laboratory work. Their evolution is about problem solving. We can utilize the field data on ecology as well as the genes involved that led to solving environmental problems through time.