Sigma Xi Postdoc Survey

Results by Citizenship, All Institutions

Survey results by citizenship for all institutions aggregated together. Excludes respondents who indicated that they were not in fact a postdoc (question RE25 in "Your Postdoc")

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Page 3: Benefits and Services

"Benefits and Services" covers salaries, benefits, tax information, vacation, and the adequacy of various resources.

BS01. Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution? [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01A. Health insurance for yourself [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 98.2% (1978 / 2015) 96.7% (2257 / 2335)
2 = Not available 1.4% (29 / 2015) 2.5% (59 / 2335)
3 = Don't know ≤1.0% (≤21 / 2015) ≤1.0% (≤24 / 2335)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 41.6 % (1439 / 3455) 42.2 % (1706 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (54 / 3455) 2.0% (79 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.7% (25 / 3455) 1.6% (66 / 4041)
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01B. Health insurance for your family [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 85.5% (1718 / 2009) 78.1% (1772 / 2269)
2 = Not available 6.0% (120 / 2009) 10.7% (242 / 2269)
3 = Don't know 8.5% (171 / 2009) 11.2% (255 / 2269)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 41.8 % (1445 / 3455) 43.9 % (1772 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (54 / 3455) 2.0% (79 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.9% (31 / 3455) 3.3% (132 / 4041)
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01C. Dental insurance [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 79.8% (1612 / 2019) 74.4% (1725 / 2318)
2 = Not available 16.2% (328 / 2019) 20.3% (470 / 2318)
3 = Don't know 3.9% (79 / 2019) 5.3% (123 / 2318)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 41.5 % (1435 / 3455) 42.6 % (1723 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (55 / 3455) 2.0% (79 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.6% (20 / 3455) 2.1% (83 / 4041)
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01D. Vision insurance [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 50.6% (1003 / 1981) 42.5% (936 / 2202)
2 = Not available 31.3% (621 / 1981) 31.1% (684 / 2202)
3 = Don't know 18.0% (357 / 1981) 26.4% (582 / 2202)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.6 % (1473 / 3455) 45.5 % (1839 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (55 / 3455) 2.0% (79 / 4041)
     Not answered 1.7% (58 / 3455) 4.9% (199 / 4041)
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01E. Disability insurance [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 46.1% (913 / 1979) 38.7% (840 / 2171)
2 = Not available 17.2% (341 / 1979) 15.8% (344 / 2171)
3 = Don't know 36.6% (725 / 1979) 45.5% (987 / 2171)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.7 % (1475 / 3455) 46.3 % (1870 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (55 / 3455) 2.0% (82 / 4041)
     Not answered 1.7% (60 / 3455) 5.6% (227 / 4041)
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01F. Life insurance [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 56.5% (1127 / 1994) 51.6% (1149 / 2227)
2 = Not available 18.9% (376 / 1994) 19.3% (430 / 2227)
3 = Don't know 24.6% (491 / 1994) 29.1% (648 / 2227)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.3 % (1460 / 3455) 44.9 % (1814 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (55 / 3455) 2.0% (82 / 4041)
     Not answered 1.3% (45 / 3455) 4.2% (171 / 4041)
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01G. Counseling/mental health services [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 61.6% (1216 / 1975) 37.6% (799 / 2126)
2 = Not available 8.6% (169 / 1975) 14.0% (298 / 2126)
3 = Don't know 29.9% (590 / 1975) 48.4% (1029 / 2126)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.8 % (1479 / 3455) 47.4 % (1915 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (55 / 3455) 2.0% (82 / 4041)
     Not answered 1.9% (64 / 3455) 6.7% (272 / 4041)
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01H. Retirement plan [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 40.5% (803 / 1984) 40.3% (889 / 2205)
2 = Not available 45.3% (898 / 1984) 34.1% (751 / 2205)
3 = Don't know 14.3% (283 / 1984) 25.6% (565 / 2205)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.5 % (1470 / 3455) 45.4 % (1836 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (55 / 3455) 2.0% (82 / 4041)
     Not answered 1.6% (55 / 3455) 4.8% (193 / 4041)
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01I. Child care [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 26.6% (522 / 1965) 25.6% (544 / 2129)
2 = Not available 31.7% (622 / 1965) 28.6% (608 / 2129)
3 = Don't know 41.8% (821 / 1965) 45.9% (977 / 2129)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 43.1 % (1489 / 3455) 47.3 % (1912 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (55 / 3455) 2.0% (82 / 4041)
     Not answered 2.1% (74 / 3455) 6.7% (269 / 4041)
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01J. Family leave (maternity/paternity) [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 43.7% (865 / 1981) 29.7% (633 / 2133)
2 = Not available 13.2% (262 / 1981) 16.9% (360 / 2133)
3 = Don't know 43.1% (854 / 1981) 53.4% (1140 / 2133)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.6 % (1473 / 3455) 47.2 % (1908 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (55 / 3455) 2.0% (82 / 4041)
     Not answered 1.7% (58 / 3455) 6.6% (265 / 4041)
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01K. Athletic facilities [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 75.3% (1492 / 1981) 63.2% (1361 / 2154)
2 = Not available 17.4% (345 / 1981) 20.8% (449 / 2154)
3 = Don't know 7.3% (144 / 1981) 16.0% (344 / 2154)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.6 % (1473 / 3455) 46.7 % (1887 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (55 / 3455) 2.0% (82 / 4041)
     Not answered 1.7% (58 / 3455) 6.0% (244 / 4041)
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01L. Parking [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 77.5% (1547 / 1995) 69.0% (1515 / 2196)
2 = Not available 18.0% (359 / 1995) 21.1% (464 / 2196)
3 = Don't know 4.5% (89 / 1995) 9.9% (217 / 2196)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.2 % (1459 / 3455) 45.7 % (1845 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (55 / 3455) 2.0% (82 / 4041)
     Not answered 1.3% (44 / 3455) 5.0% (202 / 4041)
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01M. Tuition/fees for courses at your institution [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 42.2% (832 / 1970) 36.2% (774 / 2140)
2 = Not available 20.5% (404 / 1970) 19.1% (408 / 2140)
3 = Don't know 37.3% (734 / 1970) 44.8% (958 / 2140)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 43.0 % (1484 / 3455) 47.0 % (1901 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (55 / 3455) 2.0% (82 / 4041)
     Not answered 2.0% (69 / 3455) 6.4% (258 / 4041)
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01N. Flexible spending/medical savings account [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 35.7% (704 / 1974) 26.5% (564 / 2130)
2 = Not available 28.0% (552 / 1974) 20.3% (433 / 2130)
3 = Don't know 36.4% (718 / 1974) 53.2% (1133 / 2130)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.8 % (1480 / 3455) 47.3 % (1911 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (55 / 3455) 2.0% (82 / 4041)
     Not answered 1.9% (65 / 3455) 6.6% (268 / 4041)
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01O. Credit union [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 59.1% (1167 / 1975) 53.7% (1161 / 2162)
2 = Not available 15.4% (304 / 1975) 12.4% (268 / 2162)
3 = Don't know 25.5% (504 / 1975) 33.9% (733 / 2162)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.8 % (1479 / 3455) 46.5 % (1879 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (55 / 3455) 2.0% (82 / 4041)
     Not answered 1.9% (64 / 3455) 5.8% (236 / 4041)
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01P. Voluntary tax-deferred savings plan (403b/401k) [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 37.9% (746 / 1969) 24.3% (517 / 2130)
2 = Not available 34.8% (685 / 1969) 20.4% (435 / 2130)
3 = Don't know 27.3% (538 / 1969) 55.3% (1178 / 2130)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 43.0 % (1485 / 3455) 47.3 % (1911 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (55 / 3455) 2.0% (82 / 4041)
     Not answered 2.0% (70 / 3455) 6.6% (268 / 4041)
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01Q. Subsidized housing [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 12.3% (240 / 1955) 15.6% (332 / 2124)
2 = Not available 52.1% (1018 / 1955) 48.6% (1032 / 2124)
3 = Don't know 35.7% (697 / 1955) 35.8% (760 / 2124)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 43.4 % (1499 / 3455) 47.4 % (1917 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (55 / 3455) 2.0% (82 / 4041)
     Not answered 2.4% (84 / 3455) 6.8% (274 / 4041)
 
Which of the following benefits are available to you at your institution?
BS01R. Public transportation subsidies [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Available 43.9% (868 / 1977) 47.0% (1023 / 2175)
2 = Not available 29.5% (583 / 1977) 27.9% (607 / 2175)
3 = Don't know 26.6% (526 / 1977) 25.1% (545 / 2175)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.7 % (1477 / 3455) 46.2 % (1866 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (55 / 3455) 2.0% (82 / 4041)
     Not answered 1.8% (62 / 3455) 5.5% (223 / 4041)
 
BS02. From the list below, please select your top choices for benefits that you would like to see implemented or improved. [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
Check at most 3 items.
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
8 = Retirement plan 40.5% (793 / 1956) 26.6% (607 / 2284)
3 = Dental insurance 28.2% (551 / 1956) 35.2% (805 / 2284)
9 = Child care 22.6% (442 / 1956) 25.2% (575 / 2284)
1 = Health insurance for yourself 21.1% (413 / 1956) 26.1% (597 / 2284)
2 = Health insurance for your family 18.8% (367 / 1956) 27.7% (632 / 2284)
17 = Subsidized housing 15.1% (295 / 1956) 29.2% (666 / 2284)
4 = Vision insurance 18.8% (367 / 1956) 17.3% (395 / 2284)
12 = Parking 18.1% (354 / 1956) 14.4% (328 / 2284)
16 = Voluntary tax-deferred savings plan (403b/401k) 24.7% (483 / 1956) 7.2% (165 / 2284)
10 = Family leave (maternity/paternity) 10.5% (206 / 1956) 11.0% (251 / 2284)
11 = Athletic facilities 10.5% (206 / 1956) 10.4% (238 / 2284)
13 = Tuition/fees for courses at your institution 9.0% (177 / 1956) 9.2% (209 / 2284)
18 = Public transportation subsidies 7.5% (147 / 1956) 8.6% (196 / 2284)
6 = Life insurance 6.2% (122 / 1956) 9.6% (220 / 2284)
5 = Disability insurance 4.8% (93 / 1956) 3.9% (90 / 2284)
14 = Flexible spending/medical savings account 5.1% (100 / 1956) 2.5% (58 / 2284)
7 = Counseling/mental health services 4.4% (86 / 1956) 2.1% (47 / 2284)
15 = Credit union 2.4% (46 / 1956) 2.5% (56 / 2284)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 43.4 % (1499 / 3455) 43.5 % (1757 / 4041)
     Logical skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (55 / 3455) 2.1% (84 / 4041)
     Not answered 2.4% (84 / 3455) 2.8% (112 / 4041)
 
BS03_revised. Which of the following applies to you? [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = I receive a specified number of vacation/annual leave days and am eligible for a specified number of sick days 29.5% (548 / 1856) 31.4% (701 / 2229)
2 = I receive a specified number of days that may be used either for vacation/annual leave or sick days 5.2% (96 / 1856) 5.9% (132 / 2229)
3 = I receive a specified number of vacation/annual leave days but am NOT eligible for sick days 1.9% (35 / 1856) 1.3% (29 / 2229)
4 = I do NOT receive any vacation/annual leave days but am eligible for a specified number of sick days ≤1.0% (≤19 / 1856) 1.9% (43 / 2229)
5 = I do NOT receive any vacation/annual leave days or sick days 2.4% (44 / 1856) 2.4% (53 / 2229)
6 = Vacation time and sick leave are determined on an informal basis but must be approved by my postdoc advisor 33.9% (629 / 1856) 33.8% (753 / 2229)
7 = Vacation time and sick leave are determined on an informal basis and do NOT need to be approved by my postdoc advisor 17.0% (316 / 1856) 7.8% (173 / 2229)
8 = I don't know 9.1% (168 / 1856) 13.2% (295 / 2229)
9 = Prefer not to answer ≤1.0% (≤19 / 1856) 2.2% (50 / 2229)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 41.1 % (1419 / 3455) 41.2 % (1666 / 4041)
     Logical skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Quit 1.6% (56 / 3455) 2.2% (88 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.1% (3 / 3455) 0.4% (17 / 4041)
 
BS04a. How many days of paid vacation/annual leave doyou receive per year? [Fewer details]
Note: Asked of people who receive a specified number of vacation days.
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (subject to the condition below) (Medium 1 module) [?]
Condition: BS03_revised=1 or BS03_revised=3 [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
Mean 17.3   17.8  
Standard deviation 5.5   5.9  
Minimum 2   0  
25th percentile 13.0   12.0  
50th percentile 15.0   18.0  
75th percentile 21.0   22.0  
Maximum 31   35  
 
Numerical response 81.9% (466 / 569) 74.0% (523 / 707)
Don't know 17.4% (99 / 569) 23.9% (169 / 707)
Refuse to answer 0.7% (4 / 569) 2.1% (15 / 707)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 83.5 % (2886 / 3455) 82.5 % (3334 / 4041)
     Logical skip 41.7% (1440 / 3455) 40.6% (1641 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.0% (123 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.3% (9 / 3455) 0.2% (9 / 4041)
 
BS04b. For how many days of sick leave are you eligible for per year? [Fewer details]
Note: Asked of people who receive a specified number of sick days
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (subject to the condition below) (Medium 1 module) [?]
Condition: BS03_revised=1 or BS03_revised=4 [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
Mean 12.9   11.6  
Standard deviation 12.0   5.4  
Minimum 0   0  
25th percentile 10.0   10.0  
50th percentile 12.0   12.0  
75th percentile 13.0   12.0  
Maximum 180   50  
 
Numerical response 49.3% (263 / 534) 38.2% (271 / 710)
Don't know 50.0% (267 / 534) 59.7% (424 / 710)
Refuse to answer 0.7% (4 / 534) 2.1% (15 / 710)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 84.5 % (2921 / 3455) 82.4 % (3331 / 4041)
     Logical skip 42.5% (1469 / 3455) 40.3% (1627 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.0% (123 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.4% (15 / 3455) 0.5% (20 / 4041)
 
BS04c. For how many days of vacation/sick leave are you eligible for per year? [Fewer details]
Note: Asked of people who receive a specified number of vacation+sick days
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 8 respondents (subject to the condition below) (Low - Life module) [?]
Condition: BS03_revised=2 [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
Mean *   *  
Standard deviation *   *  
Minimum    
25th percentile    
50th percentile    
75th percentile    
Maximum    
 
Numerical response * * * *
Don't know * * * *
Refuse to answer * * * *
 
Item nonresponse [?] * * * *
     Logical skip * * * *
     Sampling skip * * * *
     Quit * * * *
     Not answered * * * *
 
BS04d. How many days of paid vacation/annual leave/sick leave did you take in the past 12 months? [Fewer details]
Note: Asked of people whose vacation and sick days are determined on an informal basis
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (subject to the condition below) (Medium 1 module) [?]
Condition: BS03_revised=6 or BS03_revised=7 [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
Mean 12.5   12.8  
Standard deviation 10.5   9.4  
Minimum 0   0  
25th percentile 7.0   6.0  
50th percentile 12.0   12.0  
75th percentile 15.0   20.0  
Maximum 180   60  
 
Numerical response 73.1% (666 / 911) 76.2% (669 / 878)
Don't know 24.7% (225 / 911) 20.4% (179 / 878)
Refuse to answer 2.2% (20 / 911) 3.4% (30 / 878)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 73.6 % (2544 / 3455) 78.3 % (3163 / 4041)
     Logical skip 31.3% (1083 / 3455) 35.6% (1439 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.0% (123 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.7% (24 / 3455) 1.0% (40 / 4041)
 
BS05. Please indicate the extent to which the following resources at your institution meet your needs. [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
 
Please indicate the extent to which the following resources at your institution meet your needs.
BS05A. Office space [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
3 = Meets your needs very well 45.0% (905 / 2010) 41.4% (962 / 2321)
2 = Meets your needs somewhat 40.5% (814 / 2010) 42.8% (993 / 2321)
1 = Does not meet your research needs at all 12.6% (254 / 2010) 12.7% (295 / 2321)
4 = Not applicable/Don't know 1.8% (37 / 2010) 3.1% (71 / 2321)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 41.8 % (1445 / 3455) 42.6 % (1720 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.0% (123 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.2% (8 / 3455) 0.9% (36 / 4041)
 
Please indicate the extent to which the following resources at your institution meet your needs.
BS05B. Office supplies [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
3 = Meets your needs very well 68.5% (1374 / 2007) 61.4% (1417 / 2308)
2 = Meets your needs somewhat 26.2% (525 / 2007) 32.1% (741 / 2308)
1 = Does not meet your research needs at all 4.4% (88 / 2007) 4.8% (111 / 2308)
4 = Not applicable/Don't know ≤1.0% (≤21 / 2007) 1.7% (39 / 2308)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 41.9 % (1448 / 3455) 42.9 % (1733 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.0% (123 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.3% (11 / 3455) 1.2% (49 / 4041)
 
Please indicate the extent to which the following resources at your institution meet your needs.
BS05C. Computers [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
3 = Meets your needs very well 62.4% (1255 / 2011) 55.4% (1286 / 2323)
2 = Meets your needs somewhat 29.4% (592 / 2011) 31.8% (739 / 2323)
1 = Does not meet your research needs at all 7.5% (151 / 2011) 11.9% (276 / 2323)
4 = Not applicable/Don't know ≤1.0% (≤21 / 2011) ≤1.0% (≤24 / 2323)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 41.8 % (1444 / 3455) 42.5 % (1718 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.0% (123 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.2% (7 / 3455) 0.8% (34 / 4041)
 
Please indicate the extent to which the following resources at your institution meet your needs.
BS05D. Laboratory space [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
3 = Meets your needs very well 52.1% (1045 / 2005) 54.6% (1262 / 2312)
2 = Meets your needs somewhat 28.0% (562 / 2005) 29.8% (690 / 2312)
1 = Does not meet your research needs at all 4.8% (96 / 2005) 6.4% (149 / 2312)
4 = Not applicable/Don't know 15.1% (302 / 2005) 9.1% (211 / 2312)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.0 % (1450 / 3455) 42.8 % (1729 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.0% (123 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.4% (13 / 3455) 1.1% (45 / 4041)
 
Please indicate the extent to which the following resources at your institution meet your needs.
BS05E. Laboratory equipment [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
3 = Meets your needs very well 57.3% (1149 / 2004) 52.5% (1212 / 2308)
2 = Meets your needs somewhat 24.1% (483 / 2004) 34.7% (800 / 2308)
1 = Does not meet your research needs at all 2.6% (52 / 2004) 3.7% (85 / 2308)
4 = Not applicable/Don't know 16.0% (320 / 2004) 9.1% (211 / 2308)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.0 % (1451 / 3455) 42.9 % (1733 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.0% (123 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.4% (14 / 3455) 1.2% (49 / 4041)
 
Please indicate the extent to which the following resources at your institution meet your needs.
BS05F. Laboratory supplies [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
3 = Meets your needs very well 64.3% (1284 / 1998) 63.2% (1454 / 2299)
2 = Meets your needs somewhat 18.1% (362 / 1998) 24.6% (565 / 2299)
1 = Does not meet your research needs at all 1.9% (38 / 1998) 2.6% (60 / 2299)
4 = Not applicable/Don't know 15.7% (314 / 1998) 9.6% (220 / 2299)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.2 % (1457 / 3455) 43.1 % (1742 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.0% (123 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.6% (20 / 3455) 1.4% (58 / 4041)
 
Please indicate the extent to which the following resources at your institution meet your needs.
BS05G. Institutional research facilities or centers (e.g. core facilities, supercomputers) [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
3 = Meets your needs very well 61.9% (1240 / 2004) 57.3% (1317 / 2299)
2 = Meets your needs somewhat 25.3% (507 / 2004) 32.3% (743 / 2299)
1 = Does not meet your research needs at all 2.7% (55 / 2004) 3.5% (80 / 2299)
4 = Not applicable/Don't know 10.1% (202 / 2004) 6.9% (159 / 2299)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.0 % (1451 / 3455) 43.1 % (1742 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.1% (124 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.4% (14 / 3455) 1.4% (57 / 4041)
 
Please indicate the extent to which the following resources at your institution meet your needs.
BS05H. Access to reference materials [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
3 = Meets your needs very well 75.2% (1510 / 2008) 70.7% (1635 / 2312)
2 = Meets your needs somewhat 21.8% (438 / 2008) 24.8% (574 / 2312)
1 = Does not meet your research needs at all 2.1% (42 / 2008) 2.8% (64 / 2312)
4 = Not applicable/Don't know ≤1.0% (≤21 / 2008) 1.7% (39 / 2312)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 41.9 % (1447 / 3455) 42.8 % (1729 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.1% (124 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.3% (10 / 3455) 1.1% (44 / 4041)
 
Please indicate the extent to which the following resources at your institution meet your needs.
BS05I. Seminars [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
3 = Meets your needs very well 65.2% (1307 / 2005) 61.7% (1418 / 2298)
2 = Meets your needs somewhat 29.1% (584 / 2005) 31.9% (734 / 2298)
1 = Does not meet your research needs at all 4.2% (84 / 2005) 4.7% (108 / 2298)
4 = Not applicable/Don't know 1.5% (30 / 2005) 1.7% (38 / 2298)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.0 % (1450 / 3455) 43.1 % (1743 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.1% (125 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.4% (13 / 3455) 1.4% (57 / 4041)
 
Please indicate the extent to which the following resources at your institution meet your needs.
BS05J. Funding for travel to conferences [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
3 = Meets your needs very well 45.8% (918 / 2005) 34.6% (798 / 2307)
2 = Meets your needs somewhat 32.9% (660 / 2005) 33.7% (778 / 2307)
1 = Does not meet your research needs at all 13.1% (262 / 2005) 19.2% (443 / 2307)
4 = Not applicable/Don't know 8.2% (165 / 2005) 12.5% (288 / 2307)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.0 % (1450 / 3455) 42.9 % (1734 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.1% (125 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.4% (13 / 3455) 1.2% (48 / 4041)
 
Please indicate the extent to which the following resources at your institution meet your needs.
BS05K. Technical assistance [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
3 = Meets your needs very well 41.7% (834 / 2002) 34.0% (781 / 2297)
2 = Meets your needs somewhat 43.1% (863 / 2002) 45.2% (1038 / 2297)
1 = Does not meet your research needs at all 9.9% (198 / 2002) 14.8% (341 / 2297)
4 = Not applicable/Don't know 5.3% (107 / 2002) 6.0% (137 / 2297)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.1 % (1453 / 3455) 43.2 % (1744 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.1% (125 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.5% (16 / 3455) 1.4% (58 / 4041)
 
BS06. Does your institution offer any of the following services/resources to postdocs? [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
 
Does your institution offer any of the following services/resources to postdocs?
BS06A. Intramural sports [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Yes 34.2% (686 / 2003) 29.8% (686 / 2305)
2 = No 21.6% (433 / 2003) 28.6% (660 / 2305)
3 = Don't know 44.1% (884 / 2003) 41.6% (959 / 2305)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.0 % (1452 / 3455) 43.0 % (1736 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.1% (125 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.4% (15 / 3455) 1.2% (50 / 4041)
 
Does your institution offer any of the following services/resources to postdocs?
BS06B. Informal social events (meeting for meals, drinks, parties, annual picnics) [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Yes 71.1% (1424 / 2003) 70.0% (1622 / 2317)
2 = No 13.9% (279 / 2003) 15.3% (355 / 2317)
3 = Don't know 15.0% (300 / 2003) 14.7% (340 / 2317)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.0 % (1452 / 3455) 42.7 % (1724 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.1% (125 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.4% (15 / 3455) 0.9% (38 / 4041)
 
Does your institution offer any of the following services/resources to postdocs?
BS06C. Formal or official social events such as holiday parties [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Yes 61.9% (1239 / 2001) 58.4% (1344 / 2302)
2 = No 18.1% (362 / 2001) 20.4% (470 / 2302)
3 = Don't know 20.0% (400 / 2001) 21.2% (488 / 2302)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.1 % (1454 / 3455) 43.0 % (1739 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.1% (125 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.5% (17 / 3455) 1.3% (53 / 4041)
 
Does your institution offer any of the following services/resources to postdocs?
BS06D. Inclusion on departmental/division mailing lists [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Yes 85.5% (1717 / 2009) 82.1% (1893 / 2307)
2 = No 7.0% (140 / 2009) 7.1% (163 / 2307)
3 = Don't know 7.6% (152 / 2009) 10.9% (251 / 2307)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 41.9 % (1446 / 3455) 42.9 % (1734 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.1% (125 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.3% (9 / 3455) 1.2% (48 / 4041)
 
Does your institution offer any of the following services/resources to postdocs?
BS06E. Inclusion in the institutional directory [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Yes 77.6% (1554 / 2002) 70.9% (1628 / 2297)
2 = No 6.0% (120 / 2002) 7.5% (173 / 2297)
3 = Don't know 16.4% (328 / 2002) 21.6% (496 / 2297)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.1 % (1453 / 3455) 43.2 % (1744 / 4041)
     Logical skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.1% (125 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.5% (16 / 3455) 1.4% (58 / 4041)
 
BS07. Does your institution have a postdoctoral association? [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Yes 71.1% (1423 / 2002) 66.1% (1545 / 2339)
2 = No 7.0% (141 / 2002) 8.8% (206 / 2339)
3 = Don't know 21.8% (437 / 2002) 25.0% (585 / 2339)
4 = Prefer not to answer ≤1.0% (≤21 / 2002) ≤1.0% (≤24 / 2339)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.1 % (1453 / 3455) 42.1 % (1702 / 4041)
     Logical skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Quit 2.2% (77 / 3455) 3.1% (125 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.5% (16 / 3455) 0.4% (16 / 4041)
 
BS08. Does your institution have a postdoc office with paid staff? [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Yes 38.9% (782 / 2011) 34.8% (817 / 2351)
2 = No 15.5% (312 / 2011) 17.1% (402 / 2351)
3 = Don't know 45.5% (916 / 2011) 48.0% (1129 / 2351)
4 = Prefer not to answer ≤1.0% (≤21 / 2011) ≤1.0% (≤24 / 2351)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 41.8 % (1444 / 3455) 41.8 % (1690 / 4041)
     Logical skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Quit 2.3% (78 / 3455) 3.1% (126 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.2% (6 / 3455) 0.1% (3 / 4041)
 
BS09. Do you participate in your postdoctoral association's/office's activities? [Fewer details]
Note: Asked of people who report having a postdoctoral office and / or association at their institution
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (subject to the condition below) (Medium 1 module) [?]
Condition: BS07=1 or BS08=1 [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Yes 38.7% (592 / 1529) 37.9% (641 / 1691)
2 = No 58.1% (888 / 1529) 55.8% (943 / 1691)
3 = Prefer not to answer 3.2% (49 / 1529) 6.3% (107 / 1691)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 55.7 % (1926 / 3455) 58.2 % (2350 / 4041)
     Logical skip 14.0% (484 / 3455) 16.1% (652 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Quit 2.3% (79 / 3455) 3.2% (131 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.1% (3 / 3455) 0.1% (6 / 4041)
 
BS11. Do you think it would be useful to have a postdoc association or office at your institution? [Fewer details]
Note: Asked of people who report having neither a postdoctoral office nor ans association at their institution
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (subject to the condition below) (Medium 1 module) [?]
Condition: (BS07=2 or BS07=3) and (BS08=2 or BS08=3) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Not at all useful 8.1% (38 / 470) 4.2% (27 / 638)
2 = Somewhat useful 35.1% (165 / 470) 38.7% (247 / 638)
3 = Very useful 31.5% (148 / 470) 37.8% (241 / 638)
4 = Don't know 24.9% (117 / 470) 18.7% (119 / 638)
5 = Prefer not to answer ≤1.0% (≤5 / 470) ≤1.0% (≤7 / 638)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 86.4 % (2985 / 3455) 84.2 % (3403 / 4041)
     Logical skip 44.6% (1540 / 3455) 42.2% (1705 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 39.4% (1360 / 3455) 38.6% (1561 / 4041)
     Quit 2.5% (85 / 3455) 3.4% (137 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
 
BS13. What is your annual postdoc salary or stipend in U.S. dollars, before taxes? [Fewer details]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
Mean 40710.1   37962.8  
Standard deviation 10648.1   7624.7  
Minimum 0   0  
25th percentile 35500.0   34000.0  
50th percentile 40000.0   37000.0  
75th percentile 44348.0   42000.0  
Maximum 418000   87000  
 
Numerical response 90.5% (3028 / 3346) 85.2% (3284 / 3854)
Don't know 2.0% (68 / 3346) 3.5% (134 / 3854)
Refuse to answer 7.5% (250 / 3346) 11.3% (436 / 3854)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 3.2 % (109 / 3455) 4.6 % (187 / 4041)
     Logical skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Quit 2.6% (89 / 3455) 3.6% (145 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.6% (20 / 3455) 1.0% (42 / 4041)
 
BS14. Do you pay U.S. social security (FICA) taxes? [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Yes 68.3% (1364 / 1996) 61.2% (1425 / 2327)
2 = No 23.3% (465 / 1996) 21.6% (502 / 2327)
3 = Don't know 6.9% (137 / 1996) 15.2% (354 / 2327)
4 = Prefer not to answer 1.5% (30 / 1996) 2.0% (46 / 2327)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.2 % (1459 / 3455) 42.4 % (1714 / 4041)
     Logical skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 39.2% (1356 / 3455) 38.5% (1555 / 4041)
     Quit 2.7% (93 / 3455) 3.7% (151 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.3% (10 / 3455) 0.2% (8 / 4041)
 
BS15. Do you pay U.S. self-employment tax (Tax Form 1040, Schedule C)? [Fewer details]
Sampling: Asked of ~1 in 2 respondents (Medium 1 module) [?]
  Citizens / Permanent Residents Temporary Visa Holders
1 = Yes 12.6% (251 / 1996) 11.6% (271 / 2329)
2 = No 69.3% (1383 / 1996) 53.3% (1242 / 2329)
3 = Don't know 16.5% (329 / 1996) 33.1% (770 / 2329)
4 = Prefer not to answer 1.7% (33 / 1996) 2.0% (46 / 2329)
 
Item nonresponse [?] 42.2 % (1459 / 3455) 42.4 % (1712 / 4041)
     Logical skip 0.0% (0 / 3455) 0.0% (0 / 4041)
     Sampling skip 39.2% (1356 / 3455) 38.5% (1555 / 4041)
     Quit 2.7% (93 / 3455) 3.7% (151 / 4041)
     Not answered 0.3% (10 / 3455) 0.1% (6 / 4041)
 

Entries are replaced with * when there may be insufficient data to ensure participant confidentiality.